Al-Farooq Journal of Sciences is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes original research in various fields of science and technology. The journal aims to promote scientific research and knowledge dissemination at the local and international levels It is a legally accredited journal, internationally recognized with the International Standard Serial Number ISSN 3135-2359. It also publishes special issues for scientific conferences, and its research undergoes rigorous scientific review.
The Call and its Role in Shaping Emotional National Discourse in Ahmed Rafiq Al-Mahdawi's Poem "Separation": A Pragmatic Study
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى الكشف عن دور النداء في تشكيل الخطاب الوطني الوجداني في قصيدة "فراق" لأحمد رفيق المهدوي، وذلك من خلال مقاربة تداولية تنظر إلى النداء لا بوصفه تركيبًا نحويًا فحسب، بل بوصفه أداة خطابية فاعلة في بناء العلاقة بين المتكلم والمخاطَب. وتنطلق الدراسة من ملاحظة الحضور اللافت لصيغ النداء في القصيدة، ولا سيما صيغتي "أيها الوطن المفدّى" و"يا وطني"، وما تؤديانه من وظائف تتجاوز التنبيه إلى استحضار الوطن بوصفه مخاطَبًا حاضرًا في مقام القول. وقد اعتمدت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي في ضوء المقاربة التداولية، من خلال رصد صيغ النداء في القصيدة، وتصنيفها بحسب بنيتها وسياقات ورودها، ثم تحليل وظائفها في بناء دلالات الفراق، والوفاء، والانتماء، والاعتذار، ورفض الذل. وقد أظهر التحليل أن النداء يمثل عنصرًا مركزيًا في بناء النص، إذ يرد في المطلع والوسط والخاتمة، ويسهم في توحيد الخطاب حول مخاطَب واحد هو الوطن. كما بيّنت الدراسة أن النداء يحوّل الفراق من مجرد حدث مكاني إلى موقف وجداني وأخلاقي، يكشف استمرار الصلة بين الشاعر ووطنه رغم الرحيل. وتخلص الدراسة إلى أن النداء في قصيدة "فراق" بنية تداولية مركزية تسهم في تشكيل الخطاب الوطني الوجداني، وتكشف عمق العلاقة بين الذات الشاعرة والوطن المخاطَب.
النداء، التداولية، الخطاب الوطني، الوجدان، أحمد رفيق المهدوي، قصيدة فراق
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The structure of the crowd and its psychological behavior in the Maqamat of Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadhani
This research endeavors to explore the phenomenon of the crowd in selected Maqamat of Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadhani, treating it as an active entity, in order to deconstruct its structural formation and analyze its psychological dynamics. The significance of this study lies in offering an interdisciplinary approach that liberates the text from the confines of purely rhetorical readings, repositioning it as a profound socio-psychological document. The research is structured into a prelude and two main sections: the first examines the structural formation of crowds (ritualistic, emotional, and random), while the second traces the gradual stages of their behavior, from the dissolution of individuality and the contagion of influence, to the ultimate awakening. The study concludes by affirming Al-Hamadhani’s pioneering insight in observing the nature of the masses, asserting that the crowd is an active narrative agent governed by the laws of suggestion, which inevitably culminates in its disintegration and the discovery of the deception.
Collective Consciousness - Suggestion - Emotional Contagion - Mendicancy - Narrative Space
An Evaluation of Safety Standards at Mitiga Airport in Accordance with International Aviation Safety Standards
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم معايير السلامة المطبقة في مطار معيتيقة الدولي ومدى توافقها مع المعايير الدولية الصادرة عن منظمة الطيران المدني الدولي، وبشكل خاص الملحقين الرابع عشر والتاسع عشر اللذين يتناولان تصميم وتشغيل المطارات ونظام إدارة السلامة. جاءت أهمية الدراسة من خلال إبرازها لمدى التزام المطار بتطبيق المعايير الدولية وأثر ذلك في تحسين مستوى السلامة التشغيلية ورفع كفاءة الأداء بما يحقق بيئة تشغيلية آمنة ومستدامة. اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وذلك من خلال استبانة وُزعت على عينة من العاملين في مجالات السلامة بالمطار، بهدف جمع البيانات المتعلقة بتطبيق معايير السلامة وثقافة السلامة لدى الموظفين. وقد تم تحليل البيانات باستخدام الأساليب الإحصائية المناسبة (SPSS) وذلك لاستخلاص النتائج وتفسيرها، حيث تم توزيع (89) استبانة أستعيد منها (81) استبانة صالحة للتحليل أي ما نسبته (90%)، ولإجراء المعالجة الاحصائية للبيانات تم استخدام الإحصاء الوصفي من تكرارات ومتوسطات حسابية وانحراف معياري، بالإضافة إلى استخدام أساليب الإحصاء الاستدلالى لاختبار فرضيات الدراسة، كما استخدم اختبار T)) للعينة الواحدة. توصلت الدراسة إلى عدة نتائج أهمها: وجود قصور نسبي في تطبيق معايير السلامة الدولية، ضعف في ثقافة السلامة والممارسات الإدارية المتعلقة بها، كما بينت النتائج أن الالتزام بالمعايير الدولية يسهم في رفع مستوى السلامة التشغيلية وتعزيز ثقة شركات الطيران الدولية في المطار. خلصت الدراسة الى مجموعة من التوصيات أهمها: التركيز على المتابعة الدورية لأنشطة السلامة، مراجعة العمليات الأساسية والخطط التشغيلية، توفير الإمكانيات الفنية والبشرية اللازمة وتشجيع ثقافة الابلاغ عن المخاطر دون خوف من العقوبات، بما يعزز السلوكيات الايجابية نحو الالتزام بمعايير السلامة الدولية ويسهم في تحقيق أهداف إدارة السلامة الشاملة بالمطار.
Mitiga Airport safety, international standards, Safety Management System (SMS), International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
The competent authority for investigation and the guarantees of the accused before the international criminal court.
This research examines the authority responsible for investigations before the Rome statute with particular focus on the prosecutors powers to initiate investigations proprio motu upon referral by a state council subject to judicial oversight where required. It also highlights the main guarantees afforded to the accused during investigation and trial including the presumption of innocence the right to defence the right to remain silent protection against self- incrimination and the right to fair trial. The study concludes that the Rome statute seeks to balance effective prosecution of international crimes with the protection of the accuseds rights thereby ensuring fairness and due process in international criminal justice.
المحكمة الجنائية الدولية , السلطة المختصة بالتحقيق , المدعي العام , الدائرة التمهيدية , نظام روما الأساسي , ضمانات المتهم , العدالة الجنائية الدولية
Carbon Footprint Assessment of Solid Waste and Proposal for a Sustainable Strategic Plan for Sabratha Municipality Using SWOT Analysis 2026-2031
This study aims to assess the current status of solid waste management in Sabratha Municipality and propose a sustainable strategic plan for the period 2026-2031 using SWOT analysis, with a focus on reducing the carbon footprint resulting from the open dumping site. The study adopted a descriptive analytical approach. Data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to a stratified random sample of 195 residents using Cochran's formula, in addition to semi-structured interviews with 5 officials and field observation of the dumpsite. The results revealed that the current waste management situation is very poor with an average satisfaction of 4.14/5, as waste accumulates in streets for more than 3 days and disposal relies entirely on an un sanitary open dump, causing high methane CH4 emissions and contributing to the municipality's carbon footprint. SWOT analysis identified key strengths, notably 68.5% of residents are willing to sort waste at source and 47% are willing to pay for improved service, and weaknesses such as the absence of a strategic plan and complete dependence on the open dump. Based on the TOWS matrix, the study proposed four strategic objectives: launching the "Sabratha Sorts" community sorting project, closing the open dump and establishing a transfer station, reducing the carbon footprint by 30% through stopping open burning, and achieving 60% financial sustainability through a gradual service fee system. The study recommends the municipal council adopt the plan and apply for funding from UNDP/UNEP, while obligating the Libyan Center for Environmental Science and Technology Studies to monitor implementation.
Solid Waste, SWOT Analysis, Carbon Footprint, Sabratha Municipality, Sustainability, Strategic Plan
The Conceptual Structure of Arabic Critical Discourse in Light of Cognitive Linguistics: An Applied Study of Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani's "Dala'il al-I'jaz"
This research seeks to re-read classical Arabic critical and rhetorical heritage through the lens of contemporary cognitive linguistics, taking the book Dala'il al-I'jaz (The Proofs of Inimitability) by Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani (d. 471 AH) as a practical field of study. The study is built upon a fundamental hypothesis: that al-Jurjani's core propositions—such as takhyil (poetic imagination), the theory of nazm (construction/system), the subtle distinction between "meaning" and the "meaning of meaning," and the consideration of situational context (muqtada al-hal)—carry within their epistemological depths an advanced cognitive intuition. This intuition fundamentally converges with key concepts in cognitive linguistics, including conceptual metaphor, mental spaces, frame theory, and conceptual structure. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to dissect the dimensions of these concepts, tracing their practical applications in selected models from Dala'il. The research concludes that the classical Arabic critical mind was deeply aware of the intimate and profound relationship between cognitive processes and linguistic structure. Consequently, it strongly rejected the fragmentation of language and the arbitrary separation of verbal form from its semantic significance—a stance that directly intersects with the "generalization commitment" advocated by cognitive linguistics today.
Cognitive Linguistics, Conceptual Structure, Critical Discourse, Theory of Nazm, Meaning of Meaning, Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani
The definition, types, design, and selection of English language curricula
The purpose of this article is to examine the many syllabuses that are used to instruct both native and non-native English speakers. In order to describe each form of syllabus according to its emergence in the epistemology of syllabus design and pedagogical trends in teaching English worldwide, the researcher employed a chronological approach. The paper emphasized theories of language and learning, features of each syllabus, and advantages and disadvantages of the syllabi under discussion. Additionally, emphasis was placed on illuminating the connections between instructional methods and techniques and syllabus types. Examples of syllabi design was also discussed. The researcher made an effort to include writings from academics and authors who supported each course. This article's material was presented using a list of key titles and explanations of the curriculum. For additional inspiration, primary and secondary sources were consulted.
syllabi design, task-based syllabi, content, communicative, national, functional, situational
The Role of Excessive Social Media Use on the Mental Health of Female University Students from the Perspective of Faculty Members
This study examined the role of excessive social media use in the mental health of female students at the Faculty of Education, Abu Issa, University of Zawia, from faculty members’ perspectives. It adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and used a 30-item questionnaire covering three dimensions. The questionnaire was administered to 50 faculty members from a population of 123. Results showed agreement that excessive use has a clear effect, with an overall mean of 3.78. Excessive-use manifestations ranked first with a mean of 3.83, while mental health indicators and academic and social interaction each recorded a mean of 3.75. A significant positive correlation was found between excessive social media use and mental health indicators (r = 0.682), as well as anxiety, tension, isolation, poor concentration, and reduced academic motivation. The study recommended awareness programs, time management, psychological counseling, and greater participation in direct university activities.
Excessive use, social media, mental health, female university students, faculty members.
From the Discourse of Tolerance: From Foundation to Recognition and Implementation – Towards a Critical Approach to Value Discourse in Libya
What the researcher aims to achieve in this paper is not to delve into the historical roots and the moral and philosophical dimensions of tolerance; rather, we wish to address its moral and legal application in the present time, and attempt to overcome the dilemmas posed by this objective. Accordingly, our endeavor is directed towards monitoring and activating the concept of the philosophy of tolerance and recognition by presenting several ideas. This serves as a contribution to stimulating the dialogue we so desperately need at this time, which is marked by an escalation of fanaticism, violence, and intolerance. These phenomena have disrupted the foundations, principles, and values that govern the relationship with the "Other" to the point of excluding them intellectually, politically, and humanly. Indeed, the absence or marginalization of tolerance and recognition leads to the dominance of a mentality of prohibition and criminalization Thus, the tolerance hoped for today is not merely a moral or religious virtue, but rather an existential, social, cultural, and political necessity. This is crucial to safeguarding our daily lived reality against the dangers of fanaticism, extremism, violence, and intolerance that may surround us and target our existence and aspirations
Tolerance, Recognition, Social Tolerance, Political Tolerance, Violence.
Financial Support and Its Impact on Improving the Level of Healthcare Services in Libyan Healthcare Institutions
This study aimed to identify the impact of financial support on improving the level of healthcare services in Libyan healthcare institutions by analyzing the relationship between the amount of funding allocated to the health sector and the quality of healthcare services provided to citizens. The importance of the study stems from the vital role of healthcare financing in providing medical supplies, developing healthcare infrastructure, and enhancing the performance of medical and administrative staff. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach through a review of relevant literature and previous studies. The findings revealed a positive relationship between financial support and the level of healthcare services, as adequate funding contributes to improving the quality of healthcare, increasing the efficiency of healthcare institutions, and enhancing patient satisfaction. The study also recommended increasing financial allocations to the Libyan health sector and improving monitoring mechanisms for healthcare expenditures to ensure the optimal use of financial resources.
Financial Support, Healthcare Services, Libyan Healthcare Institutions, Healthcare Financing, Quality of Healthcare Services, Health Sector.
The Role of Green Banking in Achieving Sustainable Development (A Field Study on Jumhouria Bank Branches in west Tripoli)
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على دور الصيرفة الخضراء في تحقيق التنمية المستدامة,وذلك من خلال دراسة ميدانية أجريت بمصرف الجمهورية/غرب طرابلس.وتناولت الدراسة مدى مساهمة الصيرفة الخضراء في تحقيق التنمية المستدامة من خلال دعم وتمويل المشاريع الخضراء وتقليل الأثر البيئي ,وتوفير فرص استثمارية مستدامة,وتحسين صورتها لدى المجتمع,والذى بدوره يؤدي إلى زيادة الثقة وجذب العملاء,وبالتالي تحسين الأداء الشامل للمصارف وتعزيز التنمية الإقتصادية. ولتحقيق ذلك فقد تم استخدام المنهج الوصفي التحليلي,وتم تجميع البيانات عن طريق تصميم استبيان وزع على عينة من موظفي المصرف بهدف قياس أرائهم حول دور الصيرفة الخضراء في تحقيق التنمية المستدامة.وأظهرت النتائج أن المصرف لايولى اهتماماً كافياً بتشجيع المشاريع المستدامة ,الأمر الذى يعكس محدودية التوجه نحو التمويل الأخضر. وأوصت الدراسة أن على إدارة المصرف الإهتمام بأنشطة الصيرفة الخضراء ,وذلك من خلال إنشاء إدارة خاصة تهتم بأنشطة الصيرفة الخضراء,وإعداد الدورات التدريبية للموظفين للتعريف بأهمية الصيرفة الخضراء,وإعطاء الأولوية لتمويل المشاريع الصديقة للبيئة.
الصيرفة الخضراء,التنمية المستدامة ,التوازن البيئي,الموارد المالية,الأداء المؤسسي,القدرات البشري.
Assessment of Organic Pollution Risks in Groundwater of the Al-Ajilat Region, Libya
This study was conducted to assess the risks of organic pollution in groundwater wells located in the Al-Ajilat region, Libya. A total of ten groundwater samples were collected and analyzed. The results showed that some groundwater wells, namely A3, A4, A5, and A6, exhibited nitrate concentrations exceeding the maximum permissible limit of 45 ppm specified by the Libyan Drinking Water Standards (1992). This increase may be attributed to the proximity of these wells to unlined septic pits and, in general, to the geological characteristics of the aquifer. Furthermore, wells A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, and A10 recorded Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) values exceeding the maximum permissible limit of 6 ppm. This is likely due to the hydraulic connection between these wells and a nearby deep septic well (BW), resulting in groundwater contamination and rendering the water unsuitable for drinking. Regarding Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), wells A4, A7, A8, A9, and A10 exceeded the maximum allowable limit of 10 ppm according to the Libyan Drinking Water Standards (1992). In addition, Escherichia coli (E. coli) counts of 109, 112, and 100 were recorded in wells A4, A6, and A9, respectively, indicating microbial contamination of the groundwater in these wells.
Groundwater Quality; Organic Pollution; Nitrate; Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD).
Standing as a Condition for Accepting a Lawsuit
This research examines legal standing as an essential condition for the admissibility of judicial actions. It explains its concept and legal nature and distinguishes it from legal interest, litigation capacity, and representation in legal proceedings. The study also addresses the different forms of standing, including ordinary and extraordinary substantive standing, procedural standing, exceptional standing, and standing related to the protection of public interests. The descriptive-analytical method was adopted by examining the provisions of the Libyan Code of Civil and Commercial Procedure and comparing them with selected Arab legal systems, particularly the Egyptian, Algerian, and Moroccan systems. The research concludes that an action must be brought by a person with legal standing against a defendant with proper standing. It also finds that procedural standing differs from substantive standing and that exceptional standing must be expressly established by law. Furthermore, lack of standing may constitute a procedural, substantive, or special plea, and standing is a matter of public order that courts must examine on their own initiative.
Legal standing, admissibility of action, legal interest, litigation capacity, Libyan procedural law
Artificial Intelligence Systems within the Concept of Objects in Libyan Civil Law: A Comparative Study
This research paper examines the extent to which the traditional rules of liability for things, as stipulated in Article (181) of the Libyan Civil Code, can accommodate damages caused by artificial intelligence systems. Given the legislative void in Libyan law regarding AI regulation, the study adopts a comparative analytical approach to assess the legal feasibility of applying the concepts of "thing" and "custody" to autonomous algorithms and smart robots. The research addresses key interpretive challenges, including the criterion of direct supervision and the determination of the actual custodian. The findings suggest that the current provisions are insufficient to cover AI-related harms, calling for either a broad interpretation of the existing text or the enactment of a specialized legislative framework.
Predictive Pavement Management for Strategic Transport Corridors: AI-Based Early Detection and Mitigation of Potholes on the Sabha-Ash-Shuwayrif Highway, Libya
The Sabha–Ash-Shuwayrif Highway is one of Libya's most strategically important transportation corridors, providing the principal connection between the southern region, the capital Tripoli, and international border crossings. Continuous exposure to heavy freight traffic, extreme thermal fluctuations, and localized moisture intrusion has accelerated asphalt pavement deterioration, resulting in frequent pothole formation, increased maintenance costs, and compromised road safety. Conventional reactive maintenance practices are insufficient for preserving pavement performance because interventions are typically performed only after severe structural damage has occurred. This study proposes an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based predictive pavement management framework that integrates computer vision, deep learning, and predictive analytics to enable proactive pavement monitoring and maintenance. The proposed framework combines high-resolution pavement imagery, 3D laser profiling, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), traffic loading records, Pavement Condition Index (PCI), and environmental data to establish a comprehensive multi-modal dataset. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is employed to automatically detect and classify early-stage pavement distresses, including micro-cracks, alligator cracking, and incipient potholes, while Focal Loss is incorporated to improve the detection of minority distress classes. A Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network models the temporal evolution of pavement deterioration using historical PCI, equivalent single axle loads, temperature variations, and precipitation data to forecast future pavement conditions. The predicted deterioration is integrated into an AI-driven risk assessment and decision-support system that prioritizes maintenance activities, recommends appropriate rehabilitation treatments, and optimizes intervention timing according to predicted distress severity. Furthermore, a continuous feedback mechanism updates the predictive models using newly acquired field observations, enabling adaptive learning and long-term performance improvement. The proposed framework is expected to enhance early pothole detection accuracy, reduce lifecycle maintenance costs, improve traffic safety, extend pavement service life, and support data-driven infrastructure management for the Sabha and Ash-Shuwayrif Highway and other strategic transport corridors operating under similar environmental and traffic conditions.
Pavement Management Systems, Machine Learning, Pothole Detection, Predictive Maintenance, Asphalt Degradation, Libyan.
Gender-Based analysis of Some Complete Blood Account Parameters at Al-Qarabouli General Hospital, Libya
Complete blood count (CBC) is one of the most commonly used laboratory tests for evaluating hematological status and detecting various blood disorders . This study aimed to assess selected hematological parameters and investigate gender related differences among individuals attending Al-Qarah Bulli General Hospital. The study was conducted on 100 CBC testes, including 41 males and 59 females. Hematological parameters including RBC, WBC, HGB, PLT, HCT, MCV, MCH, and MCHC were analyzed using an automated hematology analyzer. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, and results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD).Independent sample t-test was used to compare males and females, with statistical significance considered at P<0.05. The results showed significantly higher values of RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, and MCH in males compared with females (P<0.05), while no significant differences were observed in WBC, PLT, and MCHC (P<0.05).
Complete Blood Count, Hematological Parameters, Gender Differences, Blood Analysis, Hematology
Cognitive and Functional Approaches to English Language Futurity in EFL Contexts
The expression of future time in English is one of the most complex areas of English grammar because it is realized through multiple grammatical constructions rather than a single morphological future tense. English employs a variety of forms, including will, be going to, the present continuous, the simple present, and future perfect constructions, each conveying distinct semantic, pragmatic, and discourse-related meanings. This diversity presents significant challenges for learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL), who often struggle to distinguish among these forms and use them appropriately in authentic communication. This paper examines English futurity through the complementary perspectives of Cognitive Linguistics and Functional Linguistics and explores their implications for EFL teaching and learning. Drawing on contemporary linguistic literature, the paper reviews the conceptual foundations of future-time reference and explains how cognitive processes such as conceptualization, construal, mental representation, and conceptual metaphor shape the interpretation of future expressions. It also discusses how Functional Linguistics accounts for the communicative purposes served by different future constructions in discourse. Furthermore, the paper compares these two theoretical perspectives, highlighting their complementary contributions to understanding English futurity. It identifies major challenges encountered by EFL learners, including semantic ambiguity, contextual variation, first-language transfer, and the interaction between futurity and modality. Finally, the paper proposes pedagogical strategies integrating cognitive and functional principles and outlines future research directions. It concludes that combining Cognitive Linguistics and Functional Linguistics provides a comprehensive framework for improving grammar instruction and communicative competence in EFL contexts.
English futurity; Cognitive Linguistics; Functional Linguistics; English as a Foreign Language; future-time reference
The Impact of Tourism Marketing on Achieving Competitive Advantage A Field Study on Tourism Agencies in Tripoli, Libya
The goal of this study was to assess how tourism marketing impacts the ability of tourism agencies in Tripoli to gain a competitive advantage. The study treated tourism marketing as the independent variable and achieving competitive advantage as the dependent variable. A sample size of 107 respondents was targeted using a simple random sampling method. Data was collected through a questionnaire, with 98 valid responses analyzed using SPSS after eliminating 9 incomplete responses. The study used a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the relationship between its variables. The findings showed that the agency had successfully built lasting and strong relationships with clients by maintaining honesty, fulfilling promises, and demonstrating professionalism in all interactions
Tourism Marketing – Competitive Advantage – Tourism Agencies
The Impact of Implementing Artificial Intelligence on Improving Managerial Accounting Methods Through Digital Governance:
This study explores the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a driver for enhancing managerial accounting practices, with digital governance serving as a mediating factor. Conducted at Sahary Bank in Tripoli, the research utilizes a descriptive-analytical methodology to examine the interplay between these variables. Data were gathered through a structured questionnaire administered to a sample of 103 bank professionals and analyzed using SPSS to identify significant correlations and impacts. The findings highlight that the application of the Balanced Scorecard is pivotal for the bank, as it effectively aligns strategic goals with performance indicators. This approach successfully creates a synergy between profitability, customer satisfaction, operational efficiency, and intellectual capital growth. Crucially, the study demonstrates that these AI-supported accounting practices enable more precise and rational allocation of financial resources and liquidity toward high-growth branches. In light of these conclusions, the study emphasizes the strategic necessity of scaling up the use of expert systems. It recommends continuous investment in updating these systems with emerging knowledge to maintain operational excellence and bolster the bank’s resilience and competitive edge in complex risk management environments.
rtificial Intelligence, Managerial Accounting, Digital Governance
Educational Administration and its Role in Shaping Students' Attitudes Towards a Career in Teaching After Graduation at the Faculty of Education, Al-Zaytuna University (A Field Study)
This study aimed to identify the importance of educational administration in shaping students' attitudes towards working as teachers after graduation at the Faculty of Education in Tarhuna. The descriptive-analytical method was used, and the study sample consisted of 93 male and female students, selected using a comprehensive survey method. The results showed a positive attitude among the sample towards the importance of educational administration in shaping their attitudes towards working as teachers after graduation. This was attributed to the organization and implementation of lectures and educational courses aimed at enhancing the skills of graduating students and supporting the status of the teaching profession. The results also indicated a positive attitude among the study sample in their personal view of the teaching profession, reflecting their ongoing awareness of and pride in the profession, as well as their thorough preparation for it. Furthermore, the results showed statistically significant differences in the responses of the sample regarding students' attitudes towards working as teachers after graduation, attributable to the variable of academic year (third or fourth year). However, no statistically significant differences were found at the 0.05 level between the mean scores of the study sample regarding their attitudes towards working as teachers. The study examined the teaching profession after graduation, considering the variables of specialization (humanities, sciences) and geographical distance (near, far). It recommended developing incentive policies to encourage students to pursue teaching careers and improving the learning environment and academic support within educational institutions.
Attitude, Profession, Teaching Career, University Education
Associated Gas Utilization in Libya: Challenges, Opportunities, and Sustainable Development
Gas flaring remains a critical environmental and economic challenge in global oil production, with Libya ranking among the top flaring nations worldwide. Despite holding Africa’s largest proved oil reserves and significant natural gas resources, Libya flared approximately 6.3 billion cubic meters of associated gas in 2024, resulting in an estimated economic loss of $650 million. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of associated gas utilization in Libya, exploring the technical, economic, and regulatory barriers that perpetuate routine flaring. Through an examination of recent policy developments, including Libya's 2026 endorsement of the World Bank's "Zero Routine Flaring by 2030" initiative and the National Oil Corporation's pledge to reduce flaring by 83%, this paper identifies strategic pathways for gas monetization. Technologies such as gas-to-power, liquefied natural gas (LNG), and reinjection for enhanced oil recovery are evaluated within the Libyan context. The findings demonstrate that capturing and utilizing associated gas can significantly enhance domestic energy security, boost export revenues, and align the nation with global climate mitigation goals. The paper concludes with actionable policy recommendations to accelerate infrastructure investment and regulatory enforcement, thereby advancing sustainable development in Libya's hydrocarbon sector.
Natural Gas Flaring; Associated Petroleum Gas; Sustainable Development; Energy Economics; Zero Routine Flaring; Libya
التحول من الادارة التسويقية إلى الرقمية دراسة تحليلية في ضوء الفكر الاداري الحديث
This study examines the transformation from traditional marketing management to digital marketing management in light of modern administrative thought, with a focus on the Libyan context. It aims to analyze the concept of digital transformation in marketing, identify its key requirements and challenges, and highlight its role in improving marketing performance and enhancing the competitiveness of organizations. The study adopts a descriptive analytical approach, reviewing theoretical literature related to marketing management, digital marketing, and modern administrative thought. The findings indicate that digital transformation has become an essential requirement for organizations in light of rapid technological developments. However, its implementation in Libya still faces several challenges, mainly weak technological infrastructure and a shortage of qualified human resources. The study also emphasizes the importance of top management support and human resource development to ensure successful transformation. The study recommends strengthening digital infrastructure, training human resources, and promoting digital culture within Libyan institutions to improve marketing performance and achieve competitive advantage
Digital transformation - Marketing management - Modern management thinking
Jean-Paul Sartre's Philosophy of Commitment
This research presents an analytical study of the most significant ideas advanced by the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre concerning the philosophy of commitment (engagement). The study demonstrates that Sartre adopted, through his literary works, the role of the committed writer, emphasising the writer's moral responsibility within society. Consequently, literature assumed a prominent role in transforming and advancing social reality. Sartre's conception of commitment is distinctive in that he argued that only the writer is obliged to adhere to the principle of commitment, while excluding poets, painters, and other artists from this obligation. Furthermore, Sartre maintained that individual freedom does not necessarily imply separation from society; rather, true freedom is realised through conscious interaction with others and through an individual's commitment to the issues and concerns of society. Sartre also regarded his own literature as literature of commitment to a particular stance, one that is both ethical and social in response to events. His approach combined both individual and social dimensions, placing ethical and social values at the forefront of literature, while artistic and imaginative values occupied a secondary position.
Commitment (Engagement); Freedom; Literature; Poetry; Stances
The Impact of Time Management on Enhancing Managerial Performance: An Applied Study at the General Electricity Company of Libya (GECOL) – Tripoli
This research paper addresses a fundamental problem facing Libyan service organizations, namely the weak utilization of the time element as an input for improving managerial performance. This problem was clearly evident in the General Electricity Company in the city of Tripoli, where administrative oversight reports revealed deficiencies in time planning and deviations from the schedules established for implementation. The study aimed to uncover the nature of the relationship and its impact between time management with its three dimensions (managers' culture toward time, time wasters, and time planning) and managerial performance in the company under study. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach, whereby a questionnaire was distributed to a simple random sample of (322) individuals out of a population of (1,500) managers and department heads. The SPSS statistical analysis program was used to process the data through descriptive and inferential tools, including Cronbach's alpha coefficient, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and simple and multiple regression analysis. The results showed a positive, statistically significant correlational relationship between time management and managerial performance, with a correlation coefficient of (0.543), and that time management explains approximately (29.5%) of the variance in managerial performance. The results further indicated that the level of time wasters was high, while the level of time planning for performance was low. The study recommended that managers adopt practical time-planning tools, activate the role of e-management, intensify training and awareness programs related to time management, and reduce organizational and personal time wasters within the work environment.
Time Management, Managerial Performance, Time Wasters, Time Planning, General Electricity Company, Tripoli
Experimental Evaluation of a Multi-Lens Solar Concentrator with Aluminum Plate Heat Storage and Copper Tube Water Heating
This study investigates the thermal performance of a gravity-driven concentrating solar water heating system, where the collector employing a multi-lens optical array. The proposed design incorporates forty convex lenses where these lenses are arranged to concentrate solar radiation onto an aluminum absorber plate. A copper tube attached to the absorber surface to transfer heat to a circulating water with in the system. The flow of circulating water is achieved without the use of mechanical pump, relying entirely on hydrostatic pressure generated by elevating the storage tank above the collector. Outdoor experiments were conducted to evaluate the behavior of solar irradiance, components temperature, thermal energy gain within storage tank, and overall efficiency of the system. The experimental result shows strong correlation between solar irradiance and thermal response of the collector system. During the periods of peaks solar intensity effective, the aluminum absorber plate and copper tube exhibited rapid temperature increases, which indicates effective solar energy absorption and conductive heat transfer. Furthermore, a consistent temperature difference between the collector inlet and outlet conforming the continuous thermal energy transfer to working fluid. Meanwhile the storage tanks demonstrate a delayed thermal response due to higher thermal inertia and heat storage capacity. The highest thermal efficiency periods close to solar noon and a similar performance pattern was recorded over operating days. Analyzing of thermal energy showed effective energy storage throughout daylight hours and expected heat losses were noticed during periods of zero irradiance. Overall, the experimental result demonstrates the practical and effectiveness of the proposed pump-free concentrating solar water heating system. The study offering a simple and energy-efficient approach for solar water heating applications, particularly in regions characterized by high solar irradiation levels.
Convex lens, Concentrating Solar Power (CSP), Flow rate, Solar Water Heating, Useful Energy.
The Limits of Considering Competence in Marriage Contracts: Between Jurisprudential Foundations and Legislative Regulation. A Comparative Jurisprudential and Legal Analytical Study under Law No. 10 of 1984 and its Amendments.
This research addresses the issue of compatibility in marriage contracts as one of the most important jurisprudential and legal issues, directly impacting the objectives of marriage and family stability. The study's central problem lies in defining the concept of compatibility and its criteria, the extent to which it is considered a condition for a valid marriage contract, and the effect of its violation on the contract's validity and continuity. This is explored in light of the multiplicity of jurisprudential opinions and the varying supporting evidence, coupled with the ambiguity of the legal nature of the compatibility condition and its implications for judicial application. The research's scholarly significance lies in its treatment of an issue that remains a subject of jurisprudential and legal debate, while attempting to connect it to Libyan legislation. This contributes to enriching specialized studies in family law and personal status matters. Its practical importance stems from addressing an issue that touches people's daily lives, as evidenced by the increasing number of cases in courts seeking annulment of marriage contracts due to incompatibility. This underscores the importance of the research. The researchers employed a descriptive-analytical and comparative approach in their study, examining jurisprudential trends, analyzing legal texts, and comparing them. They concluded with findings and recommendations that contribute to achieving a balance between the objectives of Islamic law and the requirements of family stability.
Compatibility in marriage – Jurisprudential perspective – Libyan legislation
Developing a road maintenance management model using artificial intelligence
This study aims to develop an intelligent model for road maintenance management based on artificial intelligence techniques, within the framework of a desk-based research. The study seeks to analyze the current practices of traditional road maintenance management and identify their shortcomings, particularly in terms of proactive planning and maintenance prioritization. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach along with a conceptual design methodology through the review and analysis of relevant literature on infrastructure management and artificial intelligence. The findings indicate that traditional road maintenance management largely relies on reactive interventions after deterioration occurs, leading to increased costs and inefficient use of resources. The study also demonstrates that artificial intelligence represents a modern managerial approach that can effectively support decision-making, enhance planning efficiency, and facilitate the transition toward preventive maintenance. Accordingly, the research proposes a conceptual intelligent model that integrates data, analysis, and decision-making within a comprehensive administrative framework, without addressing technical or implementation aspects. The study concludes that adopting intelligent models in road maintenance management can significantly improve administrative efficiency and contribute to infrastructure sustainability.
Road Maintenance Management, Artificial Intelligence, Decision Support, Preventive Maintenance, Infrastructure
واقع تطبيق متطلبات إدارة المعرفة بمؤسسات التعليم العالي من وجهة نظر العاملين " دراسة ميدانية على الإدارة العامة جامعة طرابلس "
This study aimed to identify the reality of knowledge management implementation in higher education institutions and to uncover the obstacles affecting it. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach, which is considered appropriate for it. The study sample consisted of (43) employees from the organization under study. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to the target sample. Statistical methods appropriate to the study were used. The study concluded with a number of results, the most important of which are: that the level of implementation of knowledge management processes in higher education institutions was at the average level; that there is a weakness in the culture of knowledge sharing within the institution, which is a crucial factor in explaining the limited level of implementation; that there is a weakness in information and communication technologies; that there is a weakness in the infrastructure supporting knowledge management; that there is also a weakness in incentives; and that there is a lack of systematic documentation of employees' experiences. The study also showed a clear explanatory relationship between the level of implementation and the obstacles; as the high level of awareness of the obstacles was accompanied by the level of implementation remaining at the average level, which indicates that the obstacles represent structural determinants that directly affect the effectiveness of knowledge management implementation within higher education institutions.
Knowledge management – Knowledge management processes – Higher education institutions..
Assessing the Impact of Wastewater Discharge on Seawater Quality in the Asban Area of Zawiya City: A Comparative Analytical Study of Chemical and Biological Indicators
This study primarily aims to assess the impact of wastewater discharge on seawater quality in the Asban area of ​​Zawiya city. This is achieved through the analysis and comparison of several chemical and biological indicators across the study samples. Specifically, the study measured various seawater quality indicators in the Asban area, including pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, calcium, magnesium, nitrates, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). The study also aimed to determine the degree of change in seawater properties within the study area based on laboratory analysis results from samples taken from different locations. Furthermore, the study compared the values ​​of chemical and biological indicators between samples located near and far from the wastewater discharge point. The study concluded that seawater quality in the Asban area of ​​Zawiya city varies among the samples, indicating spatial variations in water characteristics. The results from 2024 showed that pH values ​​ranged between 7.00 and 7.75, values ​​close to neutral, making this indicator less indicative of pollution compared to some other indicators. Total dissolved solids (TDS) values ​​were also analyzed. The samples showed a convergence, ranging between 48.007 and 50.007, indicating limited variation in this indicator during 2024. The total hardness index (T.H.) showed a clear variation between the samples, particularly between samples D and A, reflecting a change in some of the chemical properties of the seawater
Wastewater - Seawater – Angle Analytical Study - Chemical and Biological Indicators
التسمم الغذائي ببكتيريا السالمونيلا: دراسة ميدانية تحليلية لتقييم وعي الأطباء بالمخاطر الصحية وإدراكهم لاستراتيجيات الوقاية مستشفى صبراتة التعليمي نموذجًا
This study aimed to assess physicians’ awareness of the health risks associated with food poisoning caused by Salmonella bacteria and their awareness of prevention strategies at Sabratha Teaching Hospital. The study adopted the descriptive analytical method and used a questionnaire as the main data collection tool. The questionnaire was administered to a purposive sample of 20 physicians from the internal medicine and pediatrics departments. The findings showed that the participants had a high level of awareness of the seriousness of food poisoning caused by Salmonella, as well as the importance of proper cooking and hygiene in reducing infection transmission. The results also revealed clear awareness of the disease risk among children and the elderly, with some variation in certain detailed scientific aspects related to bacterial strains and sources of food contamination. The study recommended strengthening training and awareness programs for physicians and supporting food safety procedures in healthcare institutions.
Food poisoning, Salmonella, health awareness, physicians, prevention, Sabratha Teaching Hospital