Al-Farooq Journal of Sciences is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes original research in various fields of science and technology. The journal aims to promote scientific research and knowledge dissemination at the local and international levels It is a legally accredited journal, internationally recognized with the International Standard Serial Number ISSN 3135-2359. It also publishes special issues for scientific conferences, and its research undergoes rigorous scientific review.
قياس اثر الرضا الوظيفي على الالتزام الوظيفي في الجامعات الليبية
This study aimed to examine the extent to which job satisfaction influences organizational commitment among academics and employees in Libyan universities. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach, and data were collected from respondents to investigate the nature of the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The study population consisted of all academic staff and employees working in three public universities in Libya: University of Tripoli, University of Zawia, and Sabratha University, with a total population of 12,621 employees. A total of 320 valid questionnaires were collected and analyzed statistically. The study sample was selected using a stratified random sampling technique. Hypothesis testing and path analysis revealed a direct, positive, strong, and statistically acceptable relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment among academics and employees in Libyan universities.
Job Satisfaction, Financial Aspects, Regulations and Policies, Work Environment, Organizational Commitment
Changes in the Concentration of Chemical Elements in Wastewater in Al-Bayda City After Algal Treatment
This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of algal treatment in reducing chemical pollutants in wastewater from Al-Bayda City. The experimental design was based on a triplicate system over a contact period of eight days under laboratory conditions (photoperiod of 16:8 hours light:dark). Samples were analyzed before and after treatment to determine the concentrations of phosphorus, total dissolved salts, nitrates, and ammonia. Chemical analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) revealed a statistically significant reduction (P < 0.05) in phosphorus (31.5%) and nitrates (48.9%), while no significant change was observed in total salts. Conversely, ammonia concentration increased significantly, which can be attributed to algal biomass decomposition and metabolic by-products. The findings confirm the potential of algae as a sustainable bioremediation tool for nutrient removal, while highlighting the need to develop integrated treatment systems to control ammonia levels
Wastewater, Algal Treatment, Phosphorus Removal, Nitrate Reduction,Ammonia Variation, Bioremediation
Social Security and Ways to Enhance It in Libyan Society: An Analytical Sociological Study in Light of Contemporary Social Theories
This study aims to analyze the state of social security in Libyan society in light of the political, social, and economic transformations that have taken place since 2011, with a focus on the factors contributing to the decline of social cohesion and the rise of societal insecurity. The study is based on the assumption that the crisis of social security in Libya is linked to the interaction of several factors, most notably the fragility of state institutions, political division, weak distributive justice, and the erosion of social capital.The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing on a theoretical framework that integrates human security theory, social cohesion theory, and social capital theory, along with the concepts of distributive justice and relative deprivation. It also relies on a review of recent studies addressing social security, political development, and civil society in Libya.The findings indicate that ongoing institutional division, the spread of armed groups, the weakness of social control institutions, as well as increasing corruption and economic inequality, have contributed to growing social disintegration and alienation within Libyan society. The results also reveal a decline in social trust and the rise of tribal and regional loyalties at the expense of national identity, negatively affecting societal stability.The study recommends adopting a comprehensive approach to rebuilding social security by strengthening distributive justice, supporting state institutions and civil society, launching national reconciliation initiatives, and reforming the educational and media systems to promote citizenship, tolerance, and social cohesion.
Cyber witchcraft and financial extortion of women in Libyan society: A sociological study of the influential social and cultural factors
This paper aims to shed light on the growing phenomenon of women in Libya believing in online sorcerers and charlatans, and the resulting planned financial extortion. The findings indicate that this phenomenon is on the rise, driven by weak religious awareness, low digital literacy, increasing family and psychological problems, as well as the influence of social traditions and the weakness of awareness and legal protection systems. Official statistics show a yearly increase in reported cases, rising from 47 cases in 2020 to 136 cases in 2024, with the upward trend continuing into 2025. The majority of victims are women aged 25–45, and the extortion process often begins with a promise to solve a personal or family problem, then escalates to threats of publishing private information or photos if the victim refuses to pay more money. Despite the enactment of Law No. 6 of 2024, which imposed stricter penalties on sorcery, witchcraft, and extortion crimes, practical challenges remain, especially regarding the difficulty of digital evidence and victims’ reluctance to report due to fear of social stigma. There is a clear need for ongoing religious and digital awareness campaigns, the development of effective reporting and protection mechanisms, and the involvement of civil society, security, and religious institutions in combating this phenomenon and protecting women from digital exploitation and financial blackmail.
Digital sorcery, online witchcraft, financial extortion, women in Libya, weak religious awareness, cybercrime, religious awareness, Libyan legislation, legal protection, social traditions
The Quranic Encouragement to Seek Knowledge and its Impact on Guiding the Individual Towards Understanding
The research aimed to analyze the Quranic verses that encourage the pursuit of knowledge to extract their inherent educational and cognitive significance, clarify the Quranic concept of knowledge and its impact on shaping the consciousness of the Muslim individual, and examine the extent to which this Quranic encouragement is reflected in the behavior of the contemporary individual while identifying the factors influencing it. The researcher used the deductive and descriptive-analytical method to analyze texts and derive their meanings, as well as the partial inductive method to track verses and link them to reality. The research utilized tools including the textual analysis of the Holy Quran in light of authoritative interpretations, referencing educational and scientific sources, and monitoring manifestations of contemporary cognitive behavior in comparison with Quranic content. The research concluded that Quranic encouragement constitutes an integrated educational system that establishes knowledge as a spiritual and civilizational necessity for achieving vicegerency (Istikhlaf) on Earth. It also established ethical constraints linking knowledge with piety (Taqwa) and reverence to direct it toward the public good. Furthermore, it revealed that this encouragement enhances intrinsic motivation by transforming the pursuit of knowledge into an act of worship that combines sensory perception with intellectual insight, necessitating the integration of these values into contemporary educational systems. The research recommended the redesign of educational curricula to integrate the values of Quranic encouragement into various scientific disciplines, and the adoption of teaching strategies based on inquiry and reflection. It also emphasized designing guidance programs that utilize Quranic stories to build a scientific personality, supporting interdisciplinary studies that bridge Sharia and applied sciences, and the necessity of training teachers in value-based guidance competencies to serve as role models who combine cognitive mastery with moral excellence.
From Reactive to Proactive Governance: A Hybrid LSTM–Gradient Boosting Architecture for Real-Time Anomaly Signal Detection in Multi-Store Retail Supply Chain Decision Systems
Contemporary multi-store retail supply chains operate under intensifying volatility driven by promotional dynamics, macroeconomic shocks, and exogenous disruptions yet most decision-support systems remain anchored in reactive, lagging indicators. This study introduces a novel hybrid deep learning architecture that synergistically integrates Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks for temporal dependency modeling with Gradient Boosting Machines (GBM) for high-dimensional feature interaction capture, enabling real-time detection of latent risk signals within store-level sales trajectories. Leveraging the publicly available Store Sales Time Series Forecasting dataset (Kaggle, 2022), comprising 54 Ecuadorian retail outlets, 3,000+ product families, and auxiliary covariates including oil prices, national holidays, and promotional intensity, we demonstrate that our stacked ensemble framework achieves superior early-warning capability compared to standalone LSTM, XGBoost, or ARIMA benchmarks. Critically, the architecture embeds a probabilistic calibration layer (Platt scaling) and SHAP-based interpretability module, transforming opaque risk scores into actionable procurement narratives for supply chain managers. Results indicate a 23.7% reduction in false-negative anomaly detection and a 15.2% improvement in lead-time for intervention signals, advancing the paradigm from post-hoc correction to anticipatory governance. The methodological contribution lies not merely in predictive accuracy, but in establishing a reproducible, auditable framework for embedding AI-driven risk intelligence within operational decision loops addressing the accountability, drift, and escalation gaps identified in contemporary autonomous supply chain .
supply chain risk governance, hybrid deep learning, LSTM, gradient boosting, real-time anomaly detection, retail time-series forecasting, interpretable AI, proactive decision systems.
Phenotypic and Genetic Analysis of Total Milk Yield in Holstein-Friesian Cattle under Libyan Conditions
This study aimed to estimate the phenotypic and genetic factors for total milk yield (TMY) in Holstein-Friesian cattle under Libyan conditions, assess the contribution of different factors to the total variance, and estimate heritability to guide future selection programs. Data were collected from 979 production records of Holstein-Friesian cows at the Ghout Sultan Agricultural Project, eastern Libya, between 1985 and 1998. A mixed linear model was applied including random effects (sire, dam, lactation period) and fixed effects (month of calving, year of calving, parity). Variance components were estimated using the REML (Restricted Maximum Likelihood) method as implemented in the MIXED procedure of SAS. Heritability (h²) was calculated from variance components. The mean TMY was 9180.46 kg with moderate phenotypic variability (CV = 26.22%). Lactation period, year of calving, and parity had highly significant effects on TMY (P < 0.0001), while month of calving showed a marginal effect (P = 0.07). Sire and dam effects were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Sire variance was 366,551.4, dam within sire variance was 1,235,646.1, and error variance was 4,305,434.8. The heritability estimate for TMY was 0.248, indicating that about 24.8% of the phenotypic variation is due to additive genetic effects. It was concluded that lactation period, year of calving, and parity significantly affected TMY, while month of calving showed a marginal effect. Sire and dam effects were not significant, likely due to reliance on imported, non-adapted semen. Genetic improvement is feasible under Libyan conditions; however, establishing a locally adapted breeding program using proven sires is recommended.it concluded that
Total milk yield, Heritability, Variance components, Holstein-Friesian, Libya
Isentropic efficiency Investigation in Al-Khoms Steam power Plant
The aim of this study is to investigate the isentropic efficiency of the high and intermediate pressure turbines in the third unit of the Al-Khoms steam power plant. Two samples of data have been used in this work. The first one was collected from the start-up data sheet of the power plant with a load of 120 MWH, and the second was collected from the current operation data sheet (June 2023) with a load of 96 MWH. The Engineering Equation Solver program (EES) has been used to represent h-S diagrams of the turbines in both samples of data and for the calculation. The results of the study show that the current isentropic efficiency of the high-pressure turbine is 41% and the intermediate-pressure turbine is 89%, while the commissioning start-up isentropic efficiency of the high-pressure turbine is 85% and the intermediate-pressure turbine is 98%, indicating that the isentropic efficiency of the turbines of the power plant decreased with time, especially in the high-pressure turbines, which decreased by 51%.
Al_khoms steam power plant, isentropic efficiency, steam power plant, steam turbine
Textual Standards in Ahmed Shawqi's Elegy for Omar al-Mukhtar: A Study in Light of Text Linguistics
This study aims to analyze Ahmed Shawqi’s poem elegizing Omar Al-Mukhtar in light of Text Linguistics, through applying Robert de Beaugrande’s textuality standards: cohesion, coherence, intentionality, acceptability, informativity, situationality, and intertextuality، The study adopts the descriptive analytical method to reveal the aspects of textual cohesion and coherence in the poem, and to clarify how the overall meaning is formed through linguistic, semantic, and contextual relations، The study concludes that the poem is not merely a traditional elegy, but rather a national and human poetic discourse that transforms Omar Al-Mukhtar’s martyrdom into a symbol of resistance, freedom, and immortality، The findings also show that the textuality standards are clearly achieved in the poem, giving it thematic unity as well as semantic and artistic cohesion.
Text Linguistics, textuality standards, Ahmed Shawqi, Omar Al-Mukhtar, cohesion, coherence, intertextuality
This research examines rhetorical inimitability in the Holy Qur’an through the phenomenon of fronting and delaying in Surat Al-Mulk، as one of the important rhetorical features that reveals the precision of Qur’anic composition and the elevation of its st
This research examines rhetorical inimitability in the Holy Qur’an through the phenomenon of fronting and delaying in Surat Al-Mulk، as one of the important rhetorical features that reveals the precision of Qur’anic composition and the elevation of its style. The study aims to clarify the concept of rhetorical inimitability، explain the linguistic and terminological meanings of fronting and delaying، and show their importance in constructing the Qur’anic sentence and highlighting intended meanings. The research adopts the descriptive analytical method by identifying examples of fronting and delaying in Surat Al-Mulk and analyzing their rhetorical and contextual implications. The study shows that fronting and delaying in the Qur’an do not occur randomly; rather، they follow a precise rhetorical wisdom connected to the context and the intended purpose of the verse. It also demonstrates that the most prominent purposes of this phenomenon in Surat Al-Mulk include specification، emphasis، glorification، alerting the listener، attracting attention، and achieving harmony between meaning and context. The research concludes that this phenomenon represents one aspect of Qur’anic inimitability، as it reveals the close connection between wording and meaning and confirms the persuasive and enduring power of Qur’anic expression.
rhetorical inimitability، the Holy Qur’an، fronting and delaying، Surat Al-Mulk، Qur’anic rhetoric
The Economic Structure of Roman Cities in Ancient North Africa
This research aims to analyze the economic and social life in Roman cities in the ancient Maghreb, understanding how these cities were integrated into the Roman Imperial economy and the impact of economic activity on urban and social structures. It also examines the interaction between local heritage and the Roman urban model. Furthermore, the study seeks to highlight the role of cities within the Mediterranean production, distribution, and trade systems, and to explore how agricultural resources and artisanal industries contributed to enhancing the local economy and linking it with major imperial markets. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, combining the analysis of archaeological sources—such as sites, urban layouts, ports, and industrial workshops—with classical and historical texts. It also utilizes a comparative method to study the influence of the Roman model on the local economic and social fabric. Economic, political, religious, and cultural data are integrated to provide a comprehensive vision of Roman city life in the region. The results indicate that Roman cities functioned as integrated economic centers, where markets, warehouses, ports, and industrial workshops were systematically linked to support production, consumption, and trade. These cities played a vital role in supplying Rome with grain and olive oil, while artisanal industries added significant value to local resources. Economic activity was reflected in the social and urban structure through the development of municipal councils, temples, and recreational facilities, which fostered interaction among inhabitants and consolidated Roman values while preserving local specificities. These cities emerged as active urban poles in the Mediterranean basin, making them a key to understanding the social, political, and economic transformations in the ancient Maghreb during the Roman era.
البنية الاقتصادية،المدن الرومانية ، بلاد المغرب القديم
Evaluating the efficiency of desalination units in treating groundwater and their impact on the chemical balance of micro- and macro-elements – A case study: Selected areas in Tripoli
This research aims to evaluate the efficiency of domestic desalination units in treating groundwater and to investigate the impact of these processes on the chemical balance and physicochemical properties of water in selected areas of Tripoli (Al-Hai Al-Sinai, Ain Zara, Souq Al-Jumaa, and Wadi Al-Rabie). The researcher employed an analytical experimental approach, collecting samples from four wells of varying locations and depths. A series of rigorous laboratory analyses were conducted before and after the desalination process, covering Hydrogen ion concentration (pH), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and the concentrations of major cations (Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium). The research concluded that raw well water in most of the study areas suffers from severe salinity degradation exceeding permissible limits, particularly in the Ain Zara and Souq Al-Jumaa regions. The results demonstrated significant technical success of the desalination units in reducing total salinity, with removal rates exceeding 90%, thereby converting the water into a chemically fresh category. However, the results revealed a nearly complete mineral stripping of Calcium and Potassium, which dropped to non-detectable (ND) levels, along with a slight shift in pH values toward weak acidity. The study recommended the necessity of activating periodic monitoring of desalination units to ensure the retention of essential mineral elements and highlighted the importance of implementing remineralization processes to compensate for the deficiency in Calcium and Potassium for public health safety. Furthermore, it recommended expanding biological and spatial studies using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to create contour maps illustrating the distribution of saline contamination within the regional aquifer.
كفاءة وحدات التحلية، معالجة مياه، الآبار الجوفية، التوازن الكيميائي، العناصر الصغرى والكبرى
اثر التحول الرقمي على تحسين الأداء الوظيفي للعاملين بشركة مصفاة الزاوية لتكرير النفط
تهدف الدراسة الى التعرف على مستوى تطبيق التحول الرقمي داخل شركة مصفاة الزاوية لتكرير النفط. وتحليل أثر التحول الرقمي في طبيعة العلاقات المهنية وأنماط التفاعل بين العاملين داخل الشركة. من خلال الكشف عن مدى إسهام التحول الرقمي في تطوير كفاءة العاملين وتحسين أدائهم الوظيفي. وتساهم هذه الدراسة في إثراء الأدبيات السوسيولوجية المتعلقة بالتحول الرقمي داخل المؤسسات الصناعية، من خلال تناول الموضوع من منظور اجتماعي تنظيمي يربط بين التغير التكنولوجي وأنماط التفاعل المهني والأداء الوظيفي. كما تضيف بعدًا تحليليًا يوضح كيفية تأثير الرقمنة في إعادة تشكيل العلاقات المهنية والبناء التنظيمي داخل بيئة صناعية ليبية. وتوصلت الدراسة الى مجموعة من النتائج أهمها وجود علاقة ارتباطية موجبة ذات دلالة إحصائية بين التحول الرقمي وتحسين الأداء الوظيفي. وتشير هذه النتائج إلى أن التحول الرقمي داخل شركة مصفاة الزاوية لا يُعد مجرد تحديث تقني، بل يمثل عاملًا بنيويًا مؤثرًا في أنماط الأداء والسلوك المهني للعاملين.
التحول الرقمي - الأداء الوظيفي - شركة مصفاة الزاوية لتكرير النفط
The Role of Motor Activities in Acquiring Social Skills in Kindergarten Children From the Teachers' Perspective: An Analytical Study of Al-Intisar Kindergarten in Batin Al-Jabal
This study sought to test and validate three main hypotheses derived from the following objectives: identifying and analyzing the impact of physical activities on the acquisition and development of communicative social skills, interactive social skills, and normative social skills (discipline-based skills) among children at Al-Intisar Kindergarten in Batin al-Jabal, from the perspective of female educators, The study employed a descriptive-analytical methodology, utilizing a questionnaire as the primary tool for data collection. The tool was applied to a research sample consisting of (25) educators at Al-Intisar Kindergarten, The findings validated the first hypothesis, confirming a statistically significant impact of physical activities on the acquisition and development of communicative social skills. Similarly, the second hypothesis was validated, showing a statistically significant impact on interactive social skills. However, the third hypothesis was refuted, indicating no statistically significant impact of physical activities on the development of normative social skills among the children from the educators' perspective, The study recommends developing physical activity programs in kindergartens and designing flexible, simplified games that enhance children's self-discipline and adherence to instructions. Furthermore, it emphasizes the necessity of cooperation between the family and the kindergarten to instill social skills, particularly normative ones, through role-modeling and practical application.
Physical Activities, Social Skills, Kindergarten Child, Educators, Al-Intisar Kindergarten - Batin al-Jabal
Strategies for Enhancing Quality of Work Life and Their Role in Immunizing the Organization Against Work Alienation: A Field Study at Libya Oil Joint Company – Tripoli.
This study aims to explain how Quality of Work Life (QWL) enhancement strategies can function as a “preventive/protective” mechanism to reduce job alienation among employees of the Libyan Joint Oil Company – Tripoli. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach and targeted a population of (220) male and female employees, with a pilot study of (30) conducted to validate the instrument. A questionnaire consisting of (20) items was developed. Reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) reached 0.88 for QWL and 0.85 for job alienation, supporting the validity of the measurement. The results showed that employees’ perceived level of QWL was high, with an overall mean of (2.57), with “physical working conditions/work environment” ranking highest, and a relative gap in “participation in decision-making,” which was at a moderate level. The findings also indicated that the overall level of job alienation was low, with a mean of (1.95); however, the “powerlessness” dimension was relatively the highest. The study confirmed a strong, statistically significant negative correlation between QWL and job alienation (R = -0.82, Sig = 0.000), indicating that improving QWL represents a “protective shield” against alienation. Statistically significant differences also appeared according to years of experience, in favor of less experienced employees (who were more alienated).
Quality of Work Life, job alienation, empowerment, participation in decision-making, incentives, Libyan Joint Oil Company, Tripoli
Professional intervention strategies in social work to reduce the psychological risks of adolescent girls' use of social media
هدف البحث الي التعرف على استراتيجيات التدخل المهني في الخدمة الاجتماعية للحد من المخاطر النفسية الناتجة عن استخدام المراهقات لوسائل التواصل الاجتماعي، حيث تبلورت المشكلة في تصاعد حدة الاضطرابات الوجدانية والسلوكية لدى المراهقات (القلق الرقمي، التنمر الإلكتروني، واضطراب صورة الجسم) نتيجة الانغماس الكثيف في البيئات الافتراضية، وقصور آليات المواجهة التقليدية عن احتواء هذه المستجدات. واعتمد البحث على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، مستخدما أداة تحليل المضمون للنتاج العلمي المعاصر، بهدف صياغة تصور مقترح يحدد الأدوار الإجرائية للأخصائي الاجتماعي. وخلص الي أن التدخل المهني القائم على المنظور الشمولي (الممارسة العامة) والنموذج المعرفي السلوكي هو الأكثر فاعلية في تفكيك الضغوط الرقمية وتعديل التوقعات الذاتية المشوهة لدى المراهقات. وأوصى بضرورة التركيز على الدور الوقائي الإنمائي الذي يركز على تمكين المراهقة بمهارات النقد الإعلامي والسيادة الرقمية، وتقديم استراتيجيات مقترحة تتوزع على مستويات التدخل الثلاثة (الميكرو، الميزو، والماكرو)، وضرورة دمج مسمى الأخصائي الاجتماعي الرقمي ضمن الهياكل التنظيمية للمؤسسات التعليمية، وتصميم برامج تدريبية متخصصة لدعم الوالدية الرقمية، بما يضمن بناء حائط صد مهني يحمي المراهقات من تداعيات العالم الافتراضي ويعزز توازنهن النفسي والاجتماعي في الواقع.
استراتيجيات - التدخل المهني - الخدمة الاجتماعية - المخاطر النفسية -المراهقات - وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي
This research aims to trace the conceptual transition of the notion of time from being a quantitative physical datum measured by clocks to a subjective existential experience at the core of human being. It also seeks to demonstrate the fundamental differences between mathematical time and "lived duration" (durée) in Bergson's philosophy, explore the transformation of time into an "horizon of being" in Heidegger's work, and analyze the structure of temporal consciousness in phenomenology, reaching an examination of the implications of relativity and spacetime on contemporary philosophical and logical thought. The research utilized a descriptive-analytical approach with a comparative philosophical dimension to monitor the evolution of the concept, in addition to the phenomenological method to describe the experience of consciousness in the present moment and how the self perceives its own duration. The study relied on library research and content analysis of original philosophical texts and modern studies. The research concluded that real time is not fragmented mathematical time, but rather a continuous duration in which the past blends with the present through consciousness. The results also proved that time represents the ontological horizon of the human being (Dasein), where consciousness of the future and finitude gives existence its meaning. Furthermore, the study showed that the integration of time and space into the concept of "spacetime" has overturned the idea of absolute time, making way for a multiplicity of times and the relativity of contexts. The research recommended the necessity of transcending the dry mechanical view of time in the humanities and treating time as a living fabric that defines identity. It also called for deepening interdisciplinary studies between the philosophy of consciousness and modern physics, and integrating the existential temporal dimension into education and psychology to enhance an individual's ability to invest in their own duration, while remaining open to the ethical dimensions of time to create a more authentic and responsible life.
Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art in Western Thought: Kant as a Model (1724–1804)
Immanuel Kant’s philosophy of art centers on shifting the aesthetic focal point from the object to the subject, viewing beauty as a mental state arising from the free play and harmony between the faculties of imagination and understanding. His inquiry begins by establishing the autonomy of art, where he distinguishes fine art from handicrafts (mercenary art) and the sciences. For Kant, art is a free activity akin to play; it does not submit to rigid demonstrative rules but rather possesses a purposiveness without a purpose. In his analysis of the sublime, Kant differentiates between the Beautiful, which evokes tranquility, and the Sublime, which incites awe. The sublime is divided into two types: the Mathematical Sublime, related to a magnitude so vast that the senses fail to perceive it, prompting the Reason to intervene and comprehend the infinite; and the Dynamical Sublime, linked to the formidable forces of nature that awaken our consciousness of moral superiority and spiritual independence over matter. To resolve the dilemma of how art can be produced without preexisting rules, Kant introduces the Theory of Genius as the innate talent through which nature gives the rule to art, ensuring originality and exemplarity. He concludes his vision by linking beauty to morality, regarding art as a symbol of the morally good, as the aesthetic experience refines the soul and prepares it for disinterestedness and freedom. The impact of this philosophy served as the cornerstone of German Idealism; Schelling elevated art to the supreme organon of philosophy, while Hegel transformed it into a manifestation of the Spirit through history. In the modern era, Kantian aesthetic autonomy paved the way for Art for Art’s Sake and Abstract movements, extending into Postmodernism, which revived the concept of the Sublime to interpret contemporary arts based on shock and the transcendence of traditional perception. Thus, Kant remains the primary legislator for the sovereignty of art and the freedom of creativity.
دور وسائل الإعلام في تعزيز الوعي البيئي لدى طلاب المعهد العالي للعلوم التقنية زوارة
This research aims to investigate the role of specialized environmental media in monitoring environmental issues and developing environmental awareness among students of the Higher Institute of Sciences and Technology in Zuwara. This study is set against the backdrop of increasing environmental challenges facing the Arab region and the urgent need for academic institutions to activate environmental culture. The researcher employed a descriptive-analytical methodology based on the survey method, collecting field data through a specifically designed questionnaire. The data was statistically analyzed using the SPSS software, utilizing frequencies, percentages, weighted means, and T-tests. The study was applied to a sample of students from the Higher Institute of Sciences and Technology in Zuwara to ensure a representative view of the younger, technical generation toward the issues at hand. The research reached several pivotal results, most notably the existence of statistically significant differences in students' opinions regarding the monitoring of environmental issues, indicating a variation in interest based on media sources and presentation methods. The results also proved the effectiveness of diverse journalistic arts in attracting students' attention, emphasizing that the role of media in raising environmental awareness remains varying in its intensity among individuals. The study revealed that the level of satisfaction with the current media treatment of environmental issues is still average, necessitating the development of communication tools to simplify environmental concepts and make them more comprehensible and engaging. The research recommended the necessity of intensifying environmental coverage directed at youth using simplified and attractive presentation methods, and enhancing the use of analytical journalistic arts as a tool for deepening understanding. Furthermore, the recommendations emphasized the importance of developing media content to be more comprehensive and accurate, alongside the necessity of activating cooperation between educational institutions and specialized environmental agencies to produce media material that contributes to consolidating positive environmental behavior and transforming awareness into actual practice within the higher education environment.
وسائل الإعلام، تعزيز الوعي البيئي، طلاب المعهد العالي للعلوم التقنية زوارة
The Role of Encryption in Protecting Student, Faculty, and Staff Data Amidst the Digital Transformation of Education (An Analytical Field Study
This study investigated the role of encryption techniques in protecting student and faculty data during the digital transformation of Libyan educational institutions (Faculty of Economics, Al-Ajaylat as a case study). A descriptive-analytical approach was employed, with data collected via an electronic questionnaire from (100) participants. The findings revealed a high level of awareness regarding encryption importance (Mean: 4,2). and a strong perception of its role in enhancing digital trust (Mean: 3.90). However, the study identified significant technical challenges (e.g., system complexity and performance issues) and human challenges (e.g., lack of specialized expertise) that hinder effective implementation. The study recommends upgrading encryption protocols to (AES-256) standards, implementing Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA), and bridging the gap between theoretical awareness and practical application through specialized training programs.
Encryption,Cybersecurity,Digital,Transformation,Educational Data
"Comparison of Heavy Metals in Red pepper packed and loose"
Chili Hot pepper is considered a staple spice in Libyan cuisine. In recent years, interest in food safety from contaminants such as the spread of heavy metal contamination in food has increased. This study notes the scarcity of previous studies that have examined and analyzed Libyan red pepper. This study was conducted to compare the percentage of heavy metals in ground packaged and bulk Libyan chili peppers available in local markets in the city of Al-jumayl. The metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, Mn, and Zn) were estimated using a plasma-coupled optical emission spectrometer, and the results showed the following, the average concentration of Cd was 0.0001 mg/kg, while the average concentration of Cu was 0.0397-0.0600 mg/kg, the average concentration of Pb was 0.0297-0.0300 mg/kg, and the average concentration of Ni was 1.600-0.001 mg/kg. The results showed that all samples under study were below the permissible limits. As for the two elements (Zn, Mn), they were greater than the permissible limits at a rate of (27.10-15.80) mg/kg and (31.7-14.5) mg/kg, respectively, in the packed and loose samples. We recommend encouraging the Libyan community to consume Libyan spices.
Spice, Red peppers, Heavy Metal, Food Contamination
Italian Extermination Camps in Libya (1929-1934): A Study of the Social Impacts
This research aims to bridge the knowledge gap in Libyan historiography by shifting from the traditional military narrative of Italian concentration camps (1929-1934) to an analysis of their sociological dimensions. It focuses on monitoring the systematic deconstruction of tribal units and analyzing the impact of pastoral collapse in creating structural poverty. Furthermore, it explores the role of unity of pain behind barbed wire in merging narrow affiliations and forging a unified national identity, while highlighting the value shifts and new roles imposed by the ordeal, particularly the role of women as guardians of memory and values. The research used an integrative methodology that combines the historical method to trace the context of forced displacement and colonial policies, and the descriptive-analytical method to dissect the complex social phenomena within the camp society. The study relied on qualitative tools, including content analysis of official documents and memoirs, and the interrogation of archived oral histories, while utilizing folk poetry (Ghanawi and Shatawi) as a sociological document reflecting the collective conscience and emotional memory of disease, hunger, and loss. The research found that the camps were laboratories for social genocide that caused a massive demographic rift and transformed Libyan society from an independent pastoral economy into a state of humiliating dependency. The results also proved that the shattering of traditional tribal structures was met with the birth of a unified national identity formed within the crucible of shared suffering. The research recommended the necessity of internationalizing the issue of the concentration camps as a full-fledged crime of genocide and integrating the history of victims and folk sociology into educational curricula. It also urged the launching of a national project for the digital archiving of camp sites and conducting interdisciplinary studies linking the trauma of the camps to the contemporary social and political behavior of Libyans.
The National Role of Libyan Women in Supporting and Assisting Resistance Movements Against the Italian Occupation During the Period (1915–1932)
This research aims to shed light on the significant contributions of Libyan women in the fields of logistical support, nursing, and intelligence work, as well as their strategic mobilization, educational roles, and legendary resilience within fascist concentration camps. The study employs both the historical-analytical and descriptive methodologies to monitor events and analyze their national implications, utilizing diverse research tools including historical documents, memoirs, and the analysis of folk literature as a vital social record. The research concludes that Libyan women functioned as a sovereign institution that managed the war economy within the Adwar (military camps) and Nuju’ (rural settlements), ensuring the sustainability of the resistance for over two decades despite the rigorous blockade. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate the effectiveness of women in psychological warfare through the weapon of the word and the boosting of morale. Their steadfastness inside concentration camps (such as El Agheila, Al-Maqrun, and Brega) successfully thwarted the scorched earth strategy designed to break the collective will of society. The research recommends the integration of the Social History of Resistance into academic curricula and emphasizes the urgency of documenting oral histories to do justice to the Libyan female national memory.
Libyan Women, National Role, Support, Assistance, Resistance, Italian Occupation.
The Role of Information Technology in Designing Sustainable Development Programs for Local Communities
The pursuit of sustainable development, which seeks to balance economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection, faces its most critical test at the local community level. Traditional top-down approaches to development programming have often struggled with inefficiency, lack of contextual relevance, and limited community engagement. This paper argues that Information Technology (IT) serves as a transformative catalyst in designing, implementing, and monitoring sustainable development programs that are precisely tailored to local contexts. By leveraging tools such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), big data analytics, mobile technology, and the Internet of Things (IoT), stakeholders can foster unprecedented levels of data-driven decision-making, participatory governance, and resource optimization. This paper systematically explores the application of IT across the three core pillars of sustainability—economic, social, and environmental—within local communities. It examines specific use cases, from precision agriculture and circular economy platforms to digital healthcare and citizen feedback mechanisms. Furthermore, the paper addresses significant challenges, including the digital divide, data privacy concerns, and technological infrastructure limitations. The conclusion affirms that while not a panacea, the strategic integration of IT is indispensable for creating adaptive, inclusive, and effective sustainable development programs that empower local communities to shape their own future.
Information Technology, Sustainable Development, Local Communities, Digital Transformation, GIS, IoT, Participatory Development, Smart Villages, Digital Divide
Tourism Culture and its Impact on Tourism Development in Libya
This research aims to study tourism culture and its impact on the development of the tourism sector in Libya, focusing on the role of the Ministry of Tourism in spreading this awareness and identifying the most appropriate methods for Libyan society. The researcher used the descriptive-analytical approach to diagnose the current reality, relying on a questionnaire as a primary tool for data collection from a random sample of employees at the Ministry of Tourism and Handicrafts. The research found that the lack of tourism cultural awareness among individuals is the fundamental obstacle preventing the effective investment of natural resources and historical monuments. The results also showed the limited role of the Ministry of Tourism in awareness initiatives and the absence of community interaction in tourism activities. Furthermore, the study revealed the existence of social and cultural barriers, such as fear of tourism's impact on local values and customs, reservations about establishing tourism facilities, and a severe shortage of specialized tourism education and training programs in educational institutions. The research recommended the necessity of enhancing tourism awareness programs through media campaigns and workshops targeting all age groups. It also emphasized the importance of integrating tourism culture into school and university curricula to prepare a generation capable of civilized interaction with visitors. The study called for encouraging community participation in local festivals and exhibitions, and leveraging social media as a strategic tool to promote domestic tourism. Finally, the research suggested establishing specialized training centers and preparing a national guide for tourism culture that defines desired behaviors toward tourism attractions.
The Impact of Strategic Management on Developing the Marketing Performance of Academic Institutions Using Multiple Regression Analysis (An Applied Study on the Faculty of Economics and Political Science, University of Tripoli – Sector B)
The study aimed to explore the current application of strategic management in developing the marketing performance at the Faculty of Economics and Political Science, University of Tripoli, Section B. The researchers adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to collect, classify, and analyze the data. The study population consisted of faculty members and administrative staff of the college, and 48 questionnaires were distributed to the study sample. The findings revealed a positive correlation and a statistically significant direct role of strategic management in enhancing marketing performance. The study recommended strengthening strategic monitoring and evaluation systems by developing clear marketing performance indicators to ensure the measurement of strategy outcomes and timely correction of deviations.
Strategic Management, Environmental Analysis and Strategy Formulation, Strategic Plan Implementation, Strategic Monitoring and Evaluation, Marketing Performance, Academic Institutions
المشروعات الصغرى و المتوسطة في ظل العولمة التحديات و الفرص ( الحالة الليبية)
This paper addresses the challenges facing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Libya, particularly in light of international trade liberalization and increased global competition resulting from economic globalization. It highlights the experiences of other countries in this regard to draw lessons from them. The importance of this topic stems from the weak contribution of SMEs to the Libyan economy due to the obstacles and challenges they face, and the lack of attention given to them by the state, both in the past and present. This issue is further emphasized by the unique nature of the Libyan economy as a rentier economy. These enterprises represent a crucial tool for achieving economic growth and job creation, and can reduce dependence on oil and achieve economic diversification.
المشروعات الصغرى و المتوسطة, العولمة , التنافسية, التنوع الاقتصاد, التنمية الاقتصادية
Philosophy Between Technology and Probability: Niels Bohr and Carl Potter as Models – A Comparative Study
The research aimed to uncover the epistemological foundations upon which Niels Bohr relied to undermine classical determinism through the "Principle of Complementarity," and to analyze Karl Popper’s critical vision that established "Falsifiability" as the criterion for the vitality of scientific truth. The research further sought to conduct a comparative study between ontological probability in quantum physics and methodological probability in critical rationalism, aiming to ground the contemporary concept of scientific objectivity as a procedural, probabilistic truth rather than an absolute essentialist one, and to deduce the dimensions of the human thought’s transition from the logic of necessity to the logic of possibility. The researcher used the critical-analytical method to deconstruct deterministic propositions and manifest the transition points from material certainty to the probability of tendencies, supported by the comparative method to facilitate intellectual confrontations between physical and logical perspectives. The study relied on qualitative analysis tools for the original texts of Bohr and Popper, employing logical deduction techniques to link physical findings with their profound philosophical implications. The research concluded that science has shifted from the dogmatism of certainty to a paradigm of probability—viewed as both a structural property of matter and a methodology for cognitive growth. This shift has redefined objectivity to become procedural, based on public scrutiny and flexibility in the face of cosmic complexity, while establishing scientific humility as an ethical necessity that ensures intellectual openness to a multiplicity of interpretations in a world characterized by becoming and uncertainty. The research recommended subjecting Artificial Intelligence outputs to the criterion of falsifiability to ensure the fluidity of critical review, and exporting the "Logic of Tendencies" to the social sciences to understand human phenomena as variable possibilities. It also called for integrating the philosophy of uncertainty into higher education programs and fostering a culture of continuous revision as a safeguard against intellectual closure in the digital age.
الفلسفة - التقنية - الاحتمالية نيلزبور- كارل بوتر
Determinants of the Demand for Educational Content in the Digital Economy: A Field Study on Students of the Faculty of Economics and Political Science at Al-Jafara University
This study aims to identify the structural and behavioral factors that hinder increased demand for digital educational content among students of the Faculty of Economics and Political Science at Al-Jafara University. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on a questionnaire as its primary tool. The results revealed a positive attitude among the students of the faculty towards digital educational content, as they recognize it as an investment that enhances their future job prospects. The study found that future expectations are the most influential driver shaping demand behavior, followed by awareness of the digital economy. The impact of factors related to economic and technological constraints is less pronounced. Therefore, the study recommends integrating digital economy concepts into the curricula of all disciplines to ensure that awareness transforms from mere theoretical knowledge into practical and professional practice. It also recommends directing guidance efforts at the university and encouraging faculty members to transform curricula into interactive digital content that focuses on the practical skills required in the job market to ensure sustained demand. Furthermore, it emphasizes bridging the gap between the high behavioral intentions resulting from awareness and expectations and the ability to implement them effectively by providing a stable technological environment and accessible electronic payment solutions for students
The Impact of Visual Arts on Developing Cultural Awareness in Society
This research aims to examine the impact of visual arts on enhancing cultural awareness in society by analyzing the interactive relationship between visual arts as an expressive creative practice and cultural awareness as a system of values and knowledge that shapes individual and collective identity. The study adopts the descriptive analytical approach through reviewing relevant literature and previous studies and analyzing the main concepts related to the topic. The findings reveal that visual arts play an effective role in strengthening cultural awareness through their ability to express cultural identity, transmit heritage, and develop aesthetic and cognitive perception among individuals. The results also show that visual arts have significant educational and social roles in building balanced personalities and promoting belonging and cultural interaction within society. The study concludes that the relationship between visual arts and cultural awareness is an integrative one that supports cultural identity and adapts to contemporary transformations.
Visual Arts, Cultural Awareness, Cultural Identity, Society, Art Education