K-Nearest Neighbors for Cardiac Catheterization
Keywords:
Machine Learning (ML), Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN).Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the term for conditions affecting the heart and blood arteries. These conditions have been linked to the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and angina. Globally, CVDs are the primary cause of illness and mortality. Cardiac catheterization is a diagnostic and treatment tool for CVDs. The modeling of cardiac catheterization for binary classification can benefit from ML. This study looks into the classification of patients who require monitoring using K-Nearest Neighbors. utilizing a dataset of roughly 814 individuals that was acquired from the Benghazi Heart Disease Center. The research’s objective is to build a binary classifier that can predict whether or not a patient needs to be monitored by a physician following a catheterization operation. We discover that, with only minor influences on recall, the K-Nearest Neighbors model achieves an accuracy of 87.09% in identifying the critical patients
Downloads
References
[1] K. Kwakye and E. Dadzie, “Machine Learning-Based Classification Algorithms for the Prediction of Coronary Heart Diseases,” Dec. 02, 2021, arXiv: arXiv:2112.01503. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2112.01503.
[2] T. L. Ayalew, K. E. Haile, M. G. Feleke, B. T. Zewudie, and T. Y. Chichiabellu, “A systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular diseases and associated factors among diabetes mellitus patients in Ethiopia,” BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., vol. 23, no. 1, p. 413, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1186/s12872-023-03443-0.
[3] S. F. Weng, J. Reps, J. Kai, J. M. Garibaldi, and N. Qureshi, “Can machine-learning improve cardiovascular risk prediction using routine clinical data?,” PloS One, vol. 12, no. 4, p. e0174944, 2017, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174944.
[4] M. J. Gaikwad, P. S. Asole, and L. S. Bitla, “Effective Study of Machine Learning Algorithms for Heart Disease Prediction,” in 2022 2nd International Conference on Power Electronics & IoT Applications in Renewable Energy and its Control (PARC), Jan. 2022, pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1109/PARC52418.2022.9726613.
[5] H. Kutrani and S. Eltalhi, “Cardiac Catheterization Procedure Prediction Using Machine Learning and Data Mining Techniques,” vol. 21, pp. 86–92, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.9790/0661-2101018692.
[6] N. KUMAR, Machine Learning for Beginner’s. Niranjan Kumar, 2023.
[7] R. Jose, A. Thomas, J. Guo, R. Steinberg, and M. Toma, “Evaluating machine learning models for prediction of coronary artery disease,” Glob. Transl. Med., vol. 3, p. 2669, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.36922/gtm.2669.
[8] M. Krstić and L. Krstić, “A logistic regression-based model for predicting heart failure mortality,” J. Eng. Manag. Compet., vol. 15, pp. 57–64, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.5937/JEMC2501057K.
[9] K. Ngew, H. Tay, and ahmad khairuddin bin mohamed yusof, “Development and validation of a predictive models for predicting the cardiac events within one year for patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention procedure at IJN,” BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., vol. 23, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.1186/s12872-023-03536-w.
[10] S. Chattopadhyay, “MLMI: A Machine Learning Model for Estimating Risk of Myocardial Infarction,” Artif. Intell. Evol., pp. 11–23, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.37256/aie.5120243714.
[11] S. Dahia and C. Szabo, “Implementing Machine Learning to Predict the 10-Year Risk of Cardiovascular Disease,” Qeios, vol. 5, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.32388/1SVUCI.2.
[12] S. Rahman, M. M. Hasan, and A. K. Sarkar, “Machine Learning and Deep Neural Network Techniques for Heart Disease Prediction,” in 2022 25th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT), Dec. 2022, pp. 1086–1091. doi: 10.1109/ICCIT57492.2022.10055902.
[13] A. Géron, Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow. O’Reilly Media, Inc., 2022.
[14] S. Raschka, Y. Liu, V. Mirjalili, and D. Dzhulgakov, Machine Learning with PyTorch and Scikit-Learn: Develop Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models with Python. Packt Publishing, 2022.
[15] P. Gupta and N. K. Sehgal, Introduction to Machine Learning in the Cloud with Python: Concepts and Practices. Springer International Publishing, 2021.
[16] B. Johnston and I. Mathur, Applied Supervised Learning with Python: Use Scikit-Learn to Build Predictive Models from Real-world Datasets and Prepare Yourself for the Future of Machine Learning. Packt Publishing, 2019.
[17] T. Amr, Hands-On Machine Learning with scikit-learn and Scientific Python Toolkits | Data | eBook, Frist. Packt Publishing Ltd, 2020. Accessed: Sep. 24, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.packtpub.com/en-us/product/hands-on-machine-learning-with-scikit-learn-and-scientific-python-toolkits-9781838823580
[18] S. Raschka and V. Mirjalili, Python Machine Learning: Perform Python Machine Learning and Deep Learning with Python, Scikit-learn, and TensorFlow. Packt Publishing, 2017.
[19] A. Ng, Machine Learning Yearning. GitHub; eBook (Draft, 2018); eBook (MIT Licensed), 2018.
[20] S. Raschka and V. Mirjalili, Python Machine Learning: Machine Learning and Deep Learning with Python, scikit-learn, and TensorFlow 2. Packt Publishing, 2019.
[21] H. Tatsat, Puri, Lookabaugh Sahil, Brad, Machine Learning and Data Science Blueprints for Finance, Frist Edition. O’Reilly Media, Incorporated, 2020.
[22] A. Coluccia, Adaptive Radar Detection: Model-Based, Data-Driven and Hybrid Approaches. Artech House, 2022.
[23] M. Swamynathan, Mastering Machine Learning with Python in Six Steps: A Practical Implementation Guide to Predictive Data Analytics Using Python. Apress, 2019.
[24] R. Kumar and B. Auffarth, Artificial Intelligence with Python Cookbook: Proven recipes for applying AI algorithms and deep learning techniques using TensorFlow 2.x and PyTorch 1.6. Packt Publishing Ltd, 2020.
[25] W. Richert, Building Machine Learning Systems with Python. Packt Publishing Ltd, 2013.
[26] L. Buitinck et al., “API design for machine learning software: experiences from the scikit-learn project,” Sep. 01, 2013, arXiv: arXiv:1309.0238. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.1309.0238.











